Jakarta, ThedailyID — Women are significantly more likely than men to develop autoimmune diseases, according to medical experts. Scientists attribute the difference to a combination of biological, hormonal, and genetic factors.
The Bogor Agricultural University (IPB) estimates that autoimmune diseases affect 3% to 5% of people in Southeast Asia, including Indonesia. Women account for about 80% of all patients.
A 2020 study led by Vanessa L. Kronzer and published in Evolutionary Applications found that women face up to four times the risk of autoimmune diseases compared with men.
Researchers identified several possible contributors, including sex hormones, the X chromosome, microchimerism, environmental exposure, and the gut microbiome. However, they have not identified the exact cause.
One leading theory focuses on antibodies. Women generally produce more antibodies than men. Many autoimmune diseases involve abnormal immune responses.
The study also presented several findings that support this theory. Higher antibody levels increased autoimmune risk. Pregnancy also increased antibody levels and autoimmune cases. Multiple pregnancies further raised that risk. Researchers also highlighted immune cell activity and the VGLL3 gene as possible biological mechanisms.
Experts say genetics alone cannot explain autoimmune disease. Environmental factors also play an important role.
Nyoman Kertia, a rheumatologist at Gadjah Mada University (UGM), said stress remains one of the strongest triggers. He added that air pollution, unhealthy diets, and other environmental factors may also increase the risk.
Kertia said many university students developed autoimmune conditions after experiencing prolonged academic pressure and emotional stress.
He identified three common triggers that can worsen symptoms. They include physical exhaustion, ongoing stress, and excessive sun exposure.
He advises patients to manage stress, conserve energy, and protect themselves from prolonged sunlight by using umbrellas, protective clothing, or sunscreen.
Medical treatment remains essential. However, experts say healthy lifestyle habits also improve long-term disease management.
Ronny Rachman Noor of IPB recommends regular consultations with rheumatologists and immunologists. He says doctors can adjust treatment according to each patient’s condition.
He also encourages patients to follow an anti-inflammatory diet, avoid smoking, reduce stress, get enough sleep, and monitor factors that trigger symptoms.
Scientists continue to study the exact causes of autoimmune diseases. Even so, experts agree that women face a higher risk. Early detection, proper medical care, and healthy daily habits remain the best strategies for managing the condition.
